2. 因果颠倒：这类选项诱惑性很强，因为原因和结果都和原文相同，只是把原文的原因作为结果，结果作为原因。因此考生在原文中只要读到因果关系的时候，就一定要清楚的分辨出哪一个原因，哪一个是结果。
    
    如2005年第三篇文章“Of all the components of a good night’s sleep， dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams， a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago， Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s， neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” —the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat， regulating moods while the brain is “off-line”。 （今天研究者认为梦是人思想情绪的自动调节器，在睡眠的时候调节情绪的）And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control， to help us sleep and feel better. “It’s your dream，” says Rosalind Cartwright， chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it””
    
    31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ____.
    
    ［A］ can be modified in their courses
    
    ［B］ are susceptible to emotional changes （易受情绪变化的影响）
    
    ［C］ reflect our innermost desires and fears
    
    ［D］ are a random outcome of neural repairs
    
    当年很多考生都错选了B。仔细读发现，文中告诉你梦是情绪的自动调节器，就是梦影响情绪，而选项B说的是梦易受情绪变化的影响，即情绪影响梦，正好和原文的因果说反了。而该选项诱惑性很强，因为梦和情绪都是文中出现过的概念。
    
    3.扩大范围：把原文范围扩大了依然是错误的，它也可以分成两类：
    
    A）将原文的特指（只适用于个体）变为泛指（适用于群体）。
    
    如2008年第四篇“For one thing， the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account，” says Wiencek， author of An Imperfect God： George Washington， His Slaves， and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution，” （特指黑奴制度）including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.”
    
    39. Which of the following is true according to the text？
    
    ［A］ Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.
    
    ［B］ Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.
    
    ［C］ Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.
    
    ［D］ Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution. （泛指特殊的组织）
    
    B）将原文的几个条件省略为一个条件。
    

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