2011考研英语模拟试题12篇(附全文翻译)
2010年08月16日
来源：考试吧
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九、罗马人的建国
The success of Augustus owed much to the character of Roman theorizing about the state. The Romans did not produce ambitious blueprints1 the construction of idea__l__ states，such as__2__ to the Greeks. With very few exceptions，Roman theorists ignored，or rejected__3__ valueless，intellectual exercises like Plato‘s Republic，in__4__ the relationship of the individual to the state was__5__ out painstakingly without reference to__6__ states or individuals. The closest the Roman came to the Greek model was Cicero’s De Re Publica，and even here Cicero had Rome clearly in __7__. Roman thought about the state was concrete，even when it__8__ religious and moral concepts. The first ruler of Rome，Romulus，was__9__ to have received authority from the gods，specifically from Jupiter，the“guarantor”of Rome. All constitutional__10__was a method of conferring and administering the__11__. Very clearly it was believed that only the assembly of the__12__，the family heads who formed the original senate，__13__the religious character necessary to exercise authority，because its original function was to__14__the gods. Being practical as well as exclusive，the senators moved__15__to divide the authority，holding that their consuls，or chief officials，would possess it on__16__months，and later extending its possession to lower officials.__17__the important achievement was to create the idea of continuing__18__authority embodied only temporarily in certain upper-class individuals and conferred only__19__the mass of the people concurred. The system grew with enormous __20__，as new offices and assemblies were created and almost none discarded.
1.[A] with [B] for [C] in [D] to
2. [A] tempted [B] attracted [C] appealed [D] transferred
3. [A] on [B] for [C] as [D] about
4. [A] which [B] that [C] what [D] it
5. [A] turned [B] worked [C] brought [D] made
6. [A] special [B] specific [C] peculiar [D] particular
7. [A] existence [B] store [C] reality [D] mind
8. [A] abandoned [B] caught [C] separated [D] involved
9. [A] told [B] held [C] suggested [D] advised
10. [A] tendency [B] procedure [C] development [D] relation
11. [A] authority [B] power [C] control [D] ruling
12. [A] officers [B] men [C] administrators [D] fathers
13. [A] possessed [B] claimed [C] assured [D] enforced
14. [A] confirm [B] confer [C] consult [D] consider
15. [A] over [B] along [C] on [D] about
16. [A] alternate [B] different [C] varied [D] several
17. [A] And [B] So [C] Or [D] But
18. [A] state [B] country [C] people [D] national
19. [A] as [B] when [C] if [D] so
20. [A] dimension [B] complexity [C] exercise [D] function
答案
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. D 7.D 8.D 9. B 10. C
11. A 12. D 13.A 14.C 15. C 16. A 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. B
总体分析
本文介绍了罗马人有关国家建设的理论。第一句指出罗马人有关国家形成的理论很有特点。第二句至第五句指出，罗马人的理论与希腊人的大不相同，是非常具体的。第六句至文章结尾具体阐述了罗马人关于国家权力的所有和分配形式。
全文翻译
奥古斯都(罗马帝国第一代皇帝)的成功很大程度上归功于罗马人将国家理论化的特点。罗马人没有制定出让希腊人感兴趣的建设理想国家的宏伟蓝图。在柏拉图的《理想国》中不涉及具体个人或国家的一种个人与国家之间的关系被详细地设计出来，但罗马理论家们几乎无一例外地忽视或拒绝接受像《理想国》这样的智力训练，认为它们毫无价值。罗马人最接近希腊模式的是西塞罗的《论国家》，甚至在这本书中西塞罗的心中已经对罗马有了非常清楚的想法。即使涉及到宗教和道德概念，罗马人关于国家的想法也是具体的。罗马的第一位统治者罗穆卢斯被认为从神，尤其是从罗马的守护神宙斯那里获得了权力。所有宪法的发展都是一种赋予和监督这种权力的方法。很显然，人们相信只有先父们的立法机构，即一家之主们组成的最初的参议院，才拥有行使这种权力所必需的宗教特质，因为它最初的功能是寻求神的启示。既实际又排外的参议员们将权力再进一步分割，认为他们的司法官或总管官员，将每隔一个月拥有这项权力，并在之后将其拥有权扩大到更低等级的官员。但是重要的成就是创造了持续的国家权力的概念，这种权力只是临时体现在某些上层阶级的个人身上，并且只有当普通大众一致同意的时候才被赋予。当新的部门和立法机构被创造出来并且几乎没有任何一个被摈弃的时候，这个系统变得越来越复杂。
十、苏美尔人
All Sumerian cities recognized a number of gods in common，including the sky god，the lord of storms，and the morning and evening star.__1__the Sumerian worshipped the goddess of fertility，love，and war，she was evidently lower__2__status than the male gods，indicating that in a more urbanized society the__3__that the peoples of previous times had paid to the earth mother goddess had__4__. The gods seemed hopelessly violent and __5__，and one‘s life a period of slavery at their easy will. The epic poem The Creation emphasizes that__6__were created to enable the gods to__7__ up working. Each city moreover had its own god，who was considered to__8__ the temple literally and who was in theory the owner of all property within the city.__9__the priests who interpreted the will of the god and controlled the__10__ of the economic produce of the city were favored__11__ their supernatural and material functions __12__. When，after 3，000 B. C.，growing warfare among the cities made military leadership__13__，the head of the army who became king assumed a(n)__14__position between the god，whose agent he was，and the priestly class，whom he had both to use and to __15__. Thus king and priests represented the upper class in a hierarchical society.__16__them were the scribes，the secular attendants of the temple，who__17__every aspect of the city’s economic life and who developed a rough judicial system.__18__the temple officials，society was divided among an elite or__19__ group of large landowners and military leaders;a mixed group of merchants，artisans，and craftsmen，free peasants who__20__ the majority of the population;and slaves.
1. [A] Unless [B] As [C] Lest [D] Although
2. [A] on [B] in [C] with [D] about
3. [A] worship [B] reverence [C] admiration [D] gratitude
4. [A] vanished [B] recovered [C] declined [D] attained
5. [A] unpredictable[B] unforgivable[C] unlimited [D] unlikely
6. [A] creatures [B] animals [C] men [D] mortals
7. [A] use [B] turn [C] give [D] back
8. [A] inhabit [B] live [C] reside [D] lodge
9. [A] Hence [B] Thereafter [C] Somehow [D] Incidentally
10. [A] introduction[B] transaction [C] distribution[D] provision
11. [A] as [B] for [C] under [D] of
12. [A] along [B] anyway [C] afterwards [D] alike
13. [A] additional [B] vital [C] singular [D] exceptional
14. [A] alternative [B] secondary [C] intermediate[D] fundamental
15. [A] pacify [B] tempt [C] suppress [D] manipulate
16. [A] Beside [B] Beyond [C] Below [D] Before
17. [A] supervised [B] held [C] managed [D] presided
18. [A] Around [B] Under [C] Above [D] Outside
19. [A] leading [B] noble [C] controlling [D] principal
20. [A] consist [B] compose [C] compile [D] consume
答案
1. D 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. D 7.C 8.A 9. A 10. C
11. B 12. D 13.B 14.C 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. B
总体分析
本文介绍了苏美尔人对神的崇拜及由此引起的社会阶层的划分。第一句至第四句为一个意群，主要介绍了苏美尔人对神的崇拜，以及神凌驾于人之上。第五句至倒数第二句为一个意群，介绍了由于对神的崇拜而出现的社会上层阶层及其职能。末句附带说明了在宗教体系之外的社会阶层。
全文翻译
所有的苏美尔城邦都认可很多共同的神，包括天空之神、风暴之王、晨星和昏星。虽然苏美尔人崇拜代表繁衍、爱和战争的女神，但她在地位上却明显低于男性神。这表明在一个更趋都市化的社会中，过去时代的民族曾经致以大地母亲神的敬意已经减少。神似乎都极其暴力且捉摸不定，人的一生成为任他们摆布和奴役的一生。史诗《创世记》中强调人类被创造出来是为了使神放弃劳动。而且每一座城邦都有它自己的神，该神被认为确实居住在庙宇里，理论上则是城邦里所有财产的拥有者。因此诠释神的意志并且控制城市经济产品的分配的僧侣以他们超自然的以及在物质方面享有的功能而受到青睐。公元前3000年以后，当城市不断增多的战事使军事领导才能变得非常重要时，成为国王的军队首领占据了在神与僧侣阶层之间的位置，他是神的代言人，对僧侣阶层既利用又安抚。因此在一个等级社会中国王和僧侣代表了上层阶级。居于他们之下的是书吏，即，庙宇世俗的侍臣，他监督城市经济生活的方方面面，并制定粗略的司法体系。在庙宇官员之外，社会被划分为四类人：大地主和军事领导人这样一群精英和贵族人群;商人、工匠和技工的混合群体;占人口大部分的自由农民;奴隶。
十一、情人节的来历
Valentine‘s Day may come from the ancient Roman feast of Lupercalia. __1__ the fierce wolves roamed nearby，the old Romans called __2__ the god Lupercus to help them. A festival in his __3__ was held on February 15th. On the eve of the festival the __4__ of the girls were written on __5__ of paper and placed in jars. Each young man __6__ a slip. The girl whose name was __7__ was to be his sweetheart for the year.
Legend __8__ it that the holiday became Valentine‘s Day __9__ a Roman priest named Valentine. Emperor Claudius II __10__ the Roman soldiers NOT to marry or become engaged. Claudius felt married soldiers would __11__ stay home than fight. When Valentine __12__ the Emperor and secretly married the young couples，he was put to death on February 14th，the __13__ of Lupercalia. After his death，Valentine became a __14__. Christian priests moved the holiday from the 15th to the 14th—Valentine’s Day. Now the holiday honors Valentine __15__ of Lupercus.
Valentine‘s Day has become a major __16__ of love and romance in the modern world. The ancient god Cupid and his __17__ into a lover’s heart may still be used to __18__ falling in love or being in love. But we also use cards and gifts，such as flowers or jewelry，to do this. __19__ to give flower to a wife or sweetheart on Valentine‘s Day can sometimes be as __20__ as forgetting a birthday or a wedding anniversary.
1.[A] While [B] When [C] Though [D] Unless
2.[A] upon [B] back [C] off [D] away
3.[A] honor [B] belief [C] hand [D] way
4.[A] problems [B] secrets [C] names [D] intentions
5.[A] rolls [B] piles [C] works [D] slips
6.[A] cast [B] caught [C] drew [D] found
7.[A] given [B] chosen [C] elected [D] delivered
8.[A] tells [B] means [C] makes [D] has
9.[A] after [B] since [C] as [D] from
10.[A] ordered [B] pleaded [C] envisioned [D] believed
11.[A] other [B] simply [C] rather [D] all
12.[A] disliked [B] defied [C] defeated [D] dishonored
13.[A] celebration [B] arrangement [C] feast [D] eve
14.[A] goat [B] saint [C] model [D] weapon
15.[A] because [B] made [C] instead [D] learnt
16.[A] part [B] representative[C] judgement [D] symbol
17.[A] story [B] wander [C] arrow [D] play
18.[A] portray [B] require [C] demand [D] alert
19.[A] Keeping [B] Disapproving[C] Supporting [D] Forgetting
20.[A] constructive [B] damaging [C] reinforcing [D] retorting
答案
1.B 2.A 3.A 4.C 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.A
11.C 12.B 13.D 14.B 15.C 16.D 17.C 18.A 19D. 20.B
总体分析
本文介绍了情人节的由来。第一段介绍情人节的前身牧神节以及该节日里抽签选恋人的庆祝活动。第二段介绍情人节是为了纪念一位罗马牧师。第三段指出情人节已经成为爱的主要象征。
全文翻译
圣瓦伦丁节(即，情人节)可能源自古罗马的牧神节。当凶猛的狼群在四周游荡时，古老的罗马人请求牧神卢帕克斯来帮助他们。一个向该神表达敬意的节日于2月15日举行。在这个节日的前夕女孩们的名字被写在纸条上并放入罐中。每位年轻的男子都抽一张纸条，被抽中名字的女孩在未来一年中将成为他的恋人。
传说这个节日之所以成为圣瓦伦丁节是为了纪念一位名叫瓦伦丁的罗马牧师。国王克劳底斯二世命令罗马士兵不得结婚或订婚。克劳底斯认为结了婚的士兵更愿意留守家中而不是上战场。当瓦伦丁违抗了国王的意愿，秘密让年轻人成了婚之后，他于2月14日即牧神节的前夕被处决。瓦伦丁死后，成了圣徒。基督教会牧师们将这个节日从15日改为14日，即，圣瓦伦丁节。现在这个节日纪念的是瓦伦丁而再不是牧神卢帕克斯。
圣瓦伦丁节在现代世界里已经成为爱和浪漫的一个主要象征。古代的爱神丘比特和他射入爱人心中的箭也许仍然被用来表现爱上某人或谈恋爱。但是我们也使用卡片和礼物，比如鲜花或珠宝来做同样的事情。在圣瓦伦丁节忘记给妻子或恋人送花有时能像忘记生日或结婚纪念日一样糟糕。
十二、冰雪路面驾车的经历
Driving through snowstorm on icy roads for long distances is a most nerve-racking experience. It is a paradox that the snow，coming __1__ gently，blowing gleefully in a high wind，all the while __2__ down a treacherous carpet，freezes the windows，__3__ the view. The might of automated man is__4__ . The horses，the powerful electrical systems，the deep-tread tires，all go __5__ nothing. One minute the road feels __6__，and the next the driver is sliding over it，light as a__7__，in a panic，wondering what the heavy trailer trucks coming up__8__the rear are going to do. The trucks are like __9__ when you have to pass them，not at sixty or seventy __10__ you do when the road is dry，but at twenty-five and thirty. __11__ their engines sound unnaturally loud. Snow，slush and__12__ of ice spray from beneath the wheels，obscure the windshield，and rattle __13__your car. Beneath the wheels there is plenty of __14__ for you to slide and get mashed to a pulp. Inch __15__ inch you move up，past the rear wheels，the center wheels，the cab，the front wheels，all__16__too slowly by. Straight ahead you continue，__17__ to cut over sharply would send you into a slip，__18__in front of the vehicle. At last，there is__19__enough，and you creep back over，in front of the truck now，but__20__the sound of its engine still thundering in your ears.
1. [A] up [B] off [C] down [D] on
2. [A] lies [B] lays [C] settles [D] sends
3. [A] blocks [B] strikes [C] puffs [D] cancels
4. [A] muted [B] discovered [C] doubled [D] undervalued
5. [A] for [B] with [C] into [D] from
6. [A] comfortable [B] weak [C] risky [D] firm
7. [A] loaf [B] feather [C] leaf [D] fog
8. [A] beneath [B] from [C] under [D] beyond
9. [A] dwarfs [B] giants [C] patients [D] princesses
10. [A] what [B] since [C] as [D] that
11. [A] So [B] But [C] Or [D] Then
12. [A] flakes [B] flocks [C] chips [D] cakes
13. [A] onto [B] against [C] off [D] along
14. [A] snow [B] earth [C] room [D] ice
15. [A] by [B] after [C] for [D] with
16. [A] climbing [B] crawling [C] winding [D] sliding
17. [A] meanwhile [B] unless [C] whereas [D] for
18. [A] sheer [B] mostly [C] rarely [D] right
19. [A] might [B] distance [C] air [D] power
20. [A] with [B] like [C] inside [D] upon
答案
1.C 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.A 6.D 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.C
11.D 12.C 13.C 14.C 15.A 16.D 17.D 18.D 19.B 20.A
总体分析
本文描述了在冰雪覆盖的路面上开车的经历。文章首句为主题句，概括了这种经历的特点是“令人非常紧张”。第二至四句分别介绍了下雪带来的隐患和机器变得没有多大用处。从第五句到文章最后则描述了在这种不利条件下和大卡车一同行驶的紧张经历。
全文翻译
在暴风雪中驱车长距离地行驶于冰雪覆盖的路面上是一种令人非常紧张的经历。矛盾的是雪一面轻轻地飘落，在强风中愉快地吹着，一面又不断地吹落可能带来危险的毯子，封冻窗户，挡住视线。机器的力量被减弱了。马、强有力的电子系统、深胎面的轮胎都毫无用处。一分钟前路面还很结实，下一分钟司机就在上面打滑，轻飘飘地，处于恐慌之中，想着从后面突然出现的笨重的挂了拖车的卡车会干出什么事情来。当你不得不开车经过这些卡车时，它们就像巨人一般。这时你行驶的速度不是当路面干燥时的60或70，而是25和30.并且它们的引擎听起来极其刺耳。雪、泥和冰渣滓从轮子下喷洒出来，使挡风玻璃变得模糊不清，然后格格作响地从车上掉下。卡车轮子下的空间很大，足以让你滑进去并被碾成肉酱。你一点点的往前挪动，经过卡车的后轮，中间的轮子，驾驶室，前轮，所有这一切都是极其缓慢地滑过去的。你继续笔直地往前开，因为突然超车抢道到卡车前面会使你的车滑倒，正好倒在大卡车的前面。最后终于和卡车有了一段距离了，你才慢慢地往后挪，挪到另外一车道上，现在你行使在卡车的前面了，但是引擎的声音仍然震耳欲聋。
The success of Augustus owed much to the character of Roman theorizing about the state. The Romans did not produce ambitious blueprints1 the construction of idea__l__ states，such as__2__ to the Greeks. With very few exceptions，Roman theorists ignored，or rejected__3__ valueless，intellectual exercises like Plato‘s Republic，in__4__ the relationship of the individual to the state was__5__ out painstakingly without reference to__6__ states or individuals. The closest the Roman came to the Greek model was Cicero’s De Re Publica，and even here Cicero had Rome clearly in __7__. Roman thought about the state was concrete，even when it__8__ religious and moral concepts. The first ruler of Rome，Romulus，was__9__ to have received authority from the gods，specifically from Jupiter，the“guarantor”of Rome. All constitutional__10__was a method of conferring and administering the__11__. Very clearly it was believed that only the assembly of the__12__，the family heads who formed the original senate，__13__the religious character necessary to exercise authority，because its original function was to__14__the gods. Being practical as well as exclusive，the senators moved__15__to divide the authority，holding that their consuls，or chief officials，would possess it on__16__months，and later extending its possession to lower officials.__17__the important achievement was to create the idea of continuing__18__authority embodied only temporarily in certain upper-class individuals and conferred only__19__the mass of the people concurred. The system grew with enormous __20__，as new offices and assemblies were created and almost none discarded.
1.[A] with [B] for [C] in [D] to
2. [A] tempted [B] attracted [C] appealed [D] transferred
3. [A] on [B] for [C] as [D] about
4. [A] which [B] that [C] what [D] it
5. [A] turned [B] worked [C] brought [D] made
6. [A] special [B] specific [C] peculiar [D] particular
7. [A] existence [B] store [C] reality [D] mind
8. [A] abandoned [B] caught [C] separated [D] involved
9. [A] told [B] held [C] suggested [D] advised
10. [A] tendency [B] procedure [C] development [D] relation
11. [A] authority [B] power [C] control [D] ruling
12. [A] officers [B] men [C] administrators [D] fathers
13. [A] possessed [B] claimed [C] assured [D] enforced
14. [A] confirm [B] confer [C] consult [D] consider
15. [A] over [B] along [C] on [D] about
16. [A] alternate [B] different [C] varied [D] several
17. [A] And [B] So [C] Or [D] But
18. [A] state [B] country [C] people [D] national
19. [A] as [B] when [C] if [D] so
20. [A] dimension [B] complexity [C] exercise [D] function
答案
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. D 7.D 8.D 9. B 10. C
11. A 12. D 13.A 14.C 15. C 16. A 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. B
总体分析
本文介绍了罗马人有关国家建设的理论。第一句指出罗马人有关国家形成的理论很有特点。第二句至第五句指出，罗马人的理论与希腊人的大不相同，是非常具体的。第六句至文章结尾具体阐述了罗马人关于国家权力的所有和分配形式。
全文翻译
奥古斯都(罗马帝国第一代皇帝)的成功很大程度上归功于罗马人将国家理论化的特点。罗马人没有制定出让希腊人感兴趣的建设理想国家的宏伟蓝图。在柏拉图的《理想国》中不涉及具体个人或国家的一种个人与国家之间的关系被详细地设计出来，但罗马理论家们几乎无一例外地忽视或拒绝接受像《理想国》这样的智力训练，认为它们毫无价值。罗马人最接近希腊模式的是西塞罗的《论国家》，甚至在这本书中西塞罗的心中已经对罗马有了非常清楚的想法。即使涉及到宗教和道德概念，罗马人关于国家的想法也是具体的。罗马的第一位统治者罗穆卢斯被认为从神，尤其是从罗马的守护神宙斯那里获得了权力。所有宪法的发展都是一种赋予和监督这种权力的方法。很显然，人们相信只有先父们的立法机构，即一家之主们组成的最初的参议院，才拥有行使这种权力所必需的宗教特质，因为它最初的功能是寻求神的启示。既实际又排外的参议员们将权力再进一步分割，认为他们的司法官或总管官员，将每隔一个月拥有这项权力，并在之后将其拥有权扩大到更低等级的官员。但是重要的成就是创造了持续的国家权力的概念，这种权力只是临时体现在某些上层阶级的个人身上，并且只有当普通大众一致同意的时候才被赋予。当新的部门和立法机构被创造出来并且几乎没有任何一个被摈弃的时候，这个系统变得越来越复杂。
十、苏美尔人
All Sumerian cities recognized a number of gods in common，including the sky god，the lord of storms，and the morning and evening star.__1__the Sumerian worshipped the goddess of fertility，love，and war，she was evidently lower__2__status than the male gods，indicating that in a more urbanized society the__3__that the peoples of previous times had paid to the earth mother goddess had__4__. The gods seemed hopelessly violent and __5__，and one‘s life a period of slavery at their easy will. The epic poem The Creation emphasizes that__6__were created to enable the gods to__7__ up working. Each city moreover had its own god，who was considered to__8__ the temple literally and who was in theory the owner of all property within the city.__9__the priests who interpreted the will of the god and controlled the__10__ of the economic produce of the city were favored__11__ their supernatural and material functions __12__. When，after 3，000 B. C.，growing warfare among the cities made military leadership__13__，the head of the army who became king assumed a(n)__14__position between the god，whose agent he was，and the priestly class，whom he had both to use and to __15__. Thus king and priests represented the upper class in a hierarchical society.__16__them were the scribes，the secular attendants of the temple，who__17__every aspect of the city’s economic life and who developed a rough judicial system.__18__the temple officials，society was divided among an elite or__19__ group of large landowners and military leaders;a mixed group of merchants，artisans，and craftsmen，free peasants who__20__ the majority of the population;and slaves.
1. [A] Unless [B] As [C] Lest [D] Although
2. [A] on [B] in [C] with [D] about
3. [A] worship [B] reverence [C] admiration [D] gratitude
4. [A] vanished [B] recovered [C] declined [D] attained
5. [A] unpredictable[B] unforgivable[C] unlimited [D] unlikely
6. [A] creatures [B] animals [C] men [D] mortals
7. [A] use [B] turn [C] give [D] back
8. [A] inhabit [B] live [C] reside [D] lodge
9. [A] Hence [B] Thereafter [C] Somehow [D] Incidentally
10. [A] introduction[B] transaction [C] distribution[D] provision
11. [A] as [B] for [C] under [D] of
12. [A] along [B] anyway [C] afterwards [D] alike
13. [A] additional [B] vital [C] singular [D] exceptional
14. [A] alternative [B] secondary [C] intermediate[D] fundamental
15. [A] pacify [B] tempt [C] suppress [D] manipulate
16. [A] Beside [B] Beyond [C] Below [D] Before
17. [A] supervised [B] held [C] managed [D] presided
18. [A] Around [B] Under [C] Above [D] Outside
19. [A] leading [B] noble [C] controlling [D] principal
20. [A] consist [B] compose [C] compile [D] consume
答案
1. D 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. D 7.C 8.A 9. A 10. C
11. B 12. D 13.B 14.C 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. B
总体分析
本文介绍了苏美尔人对神的崇拜及由此引起的社会阶层的划分。第一句至第四句为一个意群，主要介绍了苏美尔人对神的崇拜，以及神凌驾于人之上。第五句至倒数第二句为一个意群，介绍了由于对神的崇拜而出现的社会上层阶层及其职能。末句附带说明了在宗教体系之外的社会阶层。
全文翻译
所有的苏美尔城邦都认可很多共同的神，包括天空之神、风暴之王、晨星和昏星。虽然苏美尔人崇拜代表繁衍、爱和战争的女神，但她在地位上却明显低于男性神。这表明在一个更趋都市化的社会中，过去时代的民族曾经致以大地母亲神的敬意已经减少。神似乎都极其暴力且捉摸不定，人的一生成为任他们摆布和奴役的一生。史诗《创世记》中强调人类被创造出来是为了使神放弃劳动。而且每一座城邦都有它自己的神，该神被认为确实居住在庙宇里，理论上则是城邦里所有财产的拥有者。因此诠释神的意志并且控制城市经济产品的分配的僧侣以他们超自然的以及在物质方面享有的功能而受到青睐。公元前3000年以后，当城市不断增多的战事使军事领导才能变得非常重要时，成为国王的军队首领占据了在神与僧侣阶层之间的位置，他是神的代言人，对僧侣阶层既利用又安抚。因此在一个等级社会中国王和僧侣代表了上层阶级。居于他们之下的是书吏，即，庙宇世俗的侍臣，他监督城市经济生活的方方面面，并制定粗略的司法体系。在庙宇官员之外，社会被划分为四类人：大地主和军事领导人这样一群精英和贵族人群;商人、工匠和技工的混合群体;占人口大部分的自由农民;奴隶。
十一、情人节的来历
Valentine‘s Day may come from the ancient Roman feast of Lupercalia. __1__ the fierce wolves roamed nearby，the old Romans called __2__ the god Lupercus to help them. A festival in his __3__ was held on February 15th. On the eve of the festival the __4__ of the girls were written on __5__ of paper and placed in jars. Each young man __6__ a slip. The girl whose name was __7__ was to be his sweetheart for the year.
Legend __8__ it that the holiday became Valentine‘s Day __9__ a Roman priest named Valentine. Emperor Claudius II __10__ the Roman soldiers NOT to marry or become engaged. Claudius felt married soldiers would __11__ stay home than fight. When Valentine __12__ the Emperor and secretly married the young couples，he was put to death on February 14th，the __13__ of Lupercalia. After his death，Valentine became a __14__. Christian priests moved the holiday from the 15th to the 14th—Valentine’s Day. Now the holiday honors Valentine __15__ of Lupercus.
Valentine‘s Day has become a major __16__ of love and romance in the modern world. The ancient god Cupid and his __17__ into a lover’s heart may still be used to __18__ falling in love or being in love. But we also use cards and gifts，such as flowers or jewelry，to do this. __19__ to give flower to a wife or sweetheart on Valentine‘s Day can sometimes be as __20__ as forgetting a birthday or a wedding anniversary.
1.[A] While [B] When [C] Though [D] Unless
2.[A] upon [B] back [C] off [D] away
3.[A] honor [B] belief [C] hand [D] way
4.[A] problems [B] secrets [C] names [D] intentions
5.[A] rolls [B] piles [C] works [D] slips
6.[A] cast [B] caught [C] drew [D] found
7.[A] given [B] chosen [C] elected [D] delivered
8.[A] tells [B] means [C] makes [D] has
9.[A] after [B] since [C] as [D] from
10.[A] ordered [B] pleaded [C] envisioned [D] believed
11.[A] other [B] simply [C] rather [D] all
12.[A] disliked [B] defied [C] defeated [D] dishonored
13.[A] celebration [B] arrangement [C] feast [D] eve
14.[A] goat [B] saint [C] model [D] weapon
15.[A] because [B] made [C] instead [D] learnt
16.[A] part [B] representative[C] judgement [D] symbol
17.[A] story [B] wander [C] arrow [D] play
18.[A] portray [B] require [C] demand [D] alert
19.[A] Keeping [B] Disapproving[C] Supporting [D] Forgetting
20.[A] constructive [B] damaging [C] reinforcing [D] retorting
答案
1.B 2.A 3.A 4.C 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.A
11.C 12.B 13.D 14.B 15.C 16.D 17.C 18.A 19D. 20.B
总体分析
本文介绍了情人节的由来。第一段介绍情人节的前身牧神节以及该节日里抽签选恋人的庆祝活动。第二段介绍情人节是为了纪念一位罗马牧师。第三段指出情人节已经成为爱的主要象征。
全文翻译
圣瓦伦丁节(即，情人节)可能源自古罗马的牧神节。当凶猛的狼群在四周游荡时，古老的罗马人请求牧神卢帕克斯来帮助他们。一个向该神表达敬意的节日于2月15日举行。在这个节日的前夕女孩们的名字被写在纸条上并放入罐中。每位年轻的男子都抽一张纸条，被抽中名字的女孩在未来一年中将成为他的恋人。
传说这个节日之所以成为圣瓦伦丁节是为了纪念一位名叫瓦伦丁的罗马牧师。国王克劳底斯二世命令罗马士兵不得结婚或订婚。克劳底斯认为结了婚的士兵更愿意留守家中而不是上战场。当瓦伦丁违抗了国王的意愿，秘密让年轻人成了婚之后，他于2月14日即牧神节的前夕被处决。瓦伦丁死后，成了圣徒。基督教会牧师们将这个节日从15日改为14日，即，圣瓦伦丁节。现在这个节日纪念的是瓦伦丁而再不是牧神卢帕克斯。
圣瓦伦丁节在现代世界里已经成为爱和浪漫的一个主要象征。古代的爱神丘比特和他射入爱人心中的箭也许仍然被用来表现爱上某人或谈恋爱。但是我们也使用卡片和礼物，比如鲜花或珠宝来做同样的事情。在圣瓦伦丁节忘记给妻子或恋人送花有时能像忘记生日或结婚纪念日一样糟糕。
十二、冰雪路面驾车的经历
Driving through snowstorm on icy roads for long distances is a most nerve-racking experience. It is a paradox that the snow，coming __1__ gently，blowing gleefully in a high wind，all the while __2__ down a treacherous carpet，freezes the windows，__3__ the view. The might of automated man is__4__ . The horses，the powerful electrical systems，the deep-tread tires，all go __5__ nothing. One minute the road feels __6__，and the next the driver is sliding over it，light as a__7__，in a panic，wondering what the heavy trailer trucks coming up__8__the rear are going to do. The trucks are like __9__ when you have to pass them，not at sixty or seventy __10__ you do when the road is dry，but at twenty-five and thirty. __11__ their engines sound unnaturally loud. Snow，slush and__12__ of ice spray from beneath the wheels，obscure the windshield，and rattle __13__your car. Beneath the wheels there is plenty of __14__ for you to slide and get mashed to a pulp. Inch __15__ inch you move up，past the rear wheels，the center wheels，the cab，the front wheels，all__16__too slowly by. Straight ahead you continue，__17__ to cut over sharply would send you into a slip，__18__in front of the vehicle. At last，there is__19__enough，and you creep back over，in front of the truck now，but__20__the sound of its engine still thundering in your ears.
1. [A] up [B] off [C] down [D] on
2. [A] lies [B] lays [C] settles [D] sends
3. [A] blocks [B] strikes [C] puffs [D] cancels
4. [A] muted [B] discovered [C] doubled [D] undervalued
5. [A] for [B] with [C] into [D] from
6. [A] comfortable [B] weak [C] risky [D] firm
7. [A] loaf [B] feather [C] leaf [D] fog
8. [A] beneath [B] from [C] under [D] beyond
9. [A] dwarfs [B] giants [C] patients [D] princesses
10. [A] what [B] since [C] as [D] that
11. [A] So [B] But [C] Or [D] Then
12. [A] flakes [B] flocks [C] chips [D] cakes
13. [A] onto [B] against [C] off [D] along
14. [A] snow [B] earth [C] room [D] ice
15. [A] by [B] after [C] for [D] with
16. [A] climbing [B] crawling [C] winding [D] sliding
17. [A] meanwhile [B] unless [C] whereas [D] for
18. [A] sheer [B] mostly [C] rarely [D] right
19. [A] might [B] distance [C] air [D] power
20. [A] with [B] like [C] inside [D] upon
答案
1.C 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.A 6.D 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.C
11.D 12.C 13.C 14.C 15.A 16.D 17.D 18.D 19.B 20.A
总体分析
本文描述了在冰雪覆盖的路面上开车的经历。文章首句为主题句，概括了这种经历的特点是“令人非常紧张”。第二至四句分别介绍了下雪带来的隐患和机器变得没有多大用处。从第五句到文章最后则描述了在这种不利条件下和大卡车一同行驶的紧张经历。
全文翻译
在暴风雪中驱车长距离地行驶于冰雪覆盖的路面上是一种令人非常紧张的经历。矛盾的是雪一面轻轻地飘落，在强风中愉快地吹着，一面又不断地吹落可能带来危险的毯子，封冻窗户，挡住视线。机器的力量被减弱了。马、强有力的电子系统、深胎面的轮胎都毫无用处。一分钟前路面还很结实，下一分钟司机就在上面打滑，轻飘飘地，处于恐慌之中，想着从后面突然出现的笨重的挂了拖车的卡车会干出什么事情来。当你不得不开车经过这些卡车时，它们就像巨人一般。这时你行驶的速度不是当路面干燥时的60或70，而是25和30.并且它们的引擎听起来极其刺耳。雪、泥和冰渣滓从轮子下喷洒出来，使挡风玻璃变得模糊不清，然后格格作响地从车上掉下。卡车轮子下的空间很大，足以让你滑进去并被碾成肉酱。你一点点的往前挪动，经过卡车的后轮，中间的轮子，驾驶室，前轮，所有这一切都是极其缓慢地滑过去的。你继续笔直地往前开，因为突然超车抢道到卡车前面会使你的车滑倒，正好倒在大卡车的前面。最后终于和卡车有了一段距离了，你才慢慢地往后挪，挪到另外一车道上，现在你行使在卡车的前面了，但是引擎的声音仍然震耳欲聋。
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