三、大众媒体
    
    The mass media is a big part of our culture，yet it can also be a helper，adviser and teacher to our young generation. The mass media affects the lives of our young by acting as a(an)__1__for a number of institutions and social contacts. In this way，it__2__ a variety of functions in human life.
    
    The time spent in front of the television screen is usually at the__3__ of leisure：there is less time for games，amusement and rest.__4__ by what is happening on the screen，children not only imitate what they see but directly__5__ themselves with different characters. Americans have been concerned about the__6__ of violence in the media and its__7__harm to children and adolescents for at least forty years. During this period，new media __8__，such as video games，cable television，music videos，and the Internet. As they continue to gain popularity，these media，__9__television，__10__public concern and research attention.
    
    Another large societal concern on our young generation__11__by the media，is body image.__12__forces can influence body image positively or negatively.__13__one，societal and cultural norms and mass media marketing__14__our concepts of beauty. In the mass media，the images of__15__beauty fill magazines and newspapers，__16__from our televisions and entertain us__17__the movies. Even in advertising，the mass media__18__on accepted cultural values of thinness and fitness for commercial gain. Young adults are presented with a__19__defined standard of attractiveness，a(n)__20__that carries unrealistic physical expectations.
    
    1. [A] alternative [B] preference [C] substitute [D] representative
    
    2. [A] accomplishes[B] fulfills [C] provides [D] suffices
    
    3. [A] risk [B] mercy [C] height [D] expense
    
    4. [A] Absorbed [B] Attracted [C] Aroused [D] Addicted
    
    5. [A] identify [B] recognize [C] unify [D] equate
    
    6. [A] abundance [B] incidence [C] prevalence [D] reccurrence
    
    7. [A] disposed [B] hidden [C] implicit [D] potential
    
    8. [A] merged [B] emerged [C] immerged [D] submerged
    
    9. [A] apart from [B] much as [C] but for [D] along with
    
    10. [A] promote [B] propel [C] prompt [D] prosper
    
    11. [A] inspired [B] imposed [C] delivered [D] contributed
    
    12. [A] External [B] Exterior [C] Explicit [D] Exposed
    
    13. [A] As [B] At [C] For [D] In
    
    14. [A] mark [B] effect [C] impact [D] shock
    
    15. [A] generalized [B] regularized [C] standardized[D] categorized
    
    16. [A] boom [B] bottom [C] brim [D] beam
    
    17. [A] over [B] with [C] on [D] at
    
    18. [A] play [B] take [C] profit [D] resort
    
    19. [A] barely [B] carefully [C] narrowly [D] subjectively
    
    20. [A] ideal [B] image [C] stereotype [D] criterion
    
    答案
    
    1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. B 9.D 10. C
    
    11. B 12.A 13. C 14. C 15. C 16. A 17. D 18. A 19.C 20.A
    
    总体分析
    
    本文主要论述了大众媒介对青少年产生的影响。第一段指出，大众媒介可以替代社会机构和社会交往在年轻人的生活中起着各种各样的作用。第二段指出，由于青少年模仿他们在电视中看到的乃至将其与现实相混淆，人们一直担忧媒介对他们可能产生危害。第三段媒介对美的狭隘界定对青少年的不良影响。
    
    全文翻译
    
    大众媒体是我们文化的重要组成部分，但是它也可以成为年轻一代的助手、建议者和教师。大众媒介作为许多机构和社会交往的替代品影响着年轻人的生活。通过这种方式，它在人们生活中起到了各种各样的作用。
    
    在电视屏幕前耗费的时间常常是以休闲为代价的，即有更少的时间用于游戏、娱乐和休息。由于被电视屏幕上的东西吸引，孩子们不仅模仿他们看到的，而且还直接将自己视为电视中的各种不同的人物。美国人对媒体中暴力的普及及其对孩子和青少年的潜在危害的担忧至少已经有四十年了。在这段时期里，新的媒体，如：电视游戏、有线电视、音乐录像带以及网络出现了。由于这些媒体继续受到欢迎，它们连同电视一起引起了公众的担忧和研究的注意。
    
    媒体使年轻一代受到社会另一大关注的方面是身体形象问题。外部力量能对身体形象产生正面和负面的影响。举例来说，社会文化标准和大众媒介的营销冲击着我们关于美的观念。在大众媒介中，标准美女的形象充斥着报刊杂志，从电视中播放出来，在电影中娱乐着我们。甚至大众媒介还在广告中利用公认的瘦和健康的文化价值来赢得商业利润。青少年被给予的是狭隘界定的吸引力的标准，它是一种包含着对外形的不切实际的期望的完美标准。
    
    四、英国的饮食与健康
    
    A recent parliamentary report blames the government and the food industry for the growth in obesity. The Department of Transport is blamed for not doing enough to__1__facilities for pedestrians and cyclists while__2__ to pressure from motoring organizations representing car users. The Ministry of Education is__3__of selling off school playing fields and not doing enough to__4__adequate facilities for physical education and games. Young people in Britain have become crazy about football(soccer and rugby)，but too often as__5__“couch potatoes”。
    
    The food industry is blamed for promoting junk food to school children and not doing enough to__6__down on sugar，fats and salt in prepared foods. The industry，__7__by the current popularity of the Atkins low-carbohydrate diet，has begun to __8__，but it is trying to protect a huge market and will need to do__9__more if it is to__10__off increased regulation.
    
    Japan seems less__11__so far by the problem of obesity，__12__ as the Japanese diet becomes increasingly__13__(burgers and doughnuts)the problem will grow. __14__，Japanese cuisine has become highly popular in Britain. It is seen as healthy in a different way from the Mediterranean diet__15__its emphasis on tomatoes and olive oil combined with red wine.
    
    A fairly small amount of red wine is now__16__as beneficial to the heart，__17__its other encouraging properties. But Britain has to do more to__18__the problems of alcoholism__19__with the binge-drinking culture—including violence and vandalism. Limited consumption of alcohol，as long as it is not__20__with driving，is harmless and possibly beneficial.
    
    1. [A] stimulate [B] commend [C] promote [D] elevate
    
    2. [A] submitting [B] subjecting [C] subordinating [D] surrendering
    
    3. [A] charged [B] denounced [C] scolded [D] accused
    
    4. [A] assure [B] ensure [C] secure [D] guard
    
    5. [A] speculating [B] spectating [C] specializing [D] sightseeing
    
    6. [A] fall [B] get [C] cut [D] bring
    
    7. [A] stung [B] bitten [C] chewed [D] licked
    
    8. [A] retort [B] refute [C] respond [D] resolve
    
    9. [A] abundantly [B] considerably [C] extensively [D] principally
    
    10. [A] defend [B] beat [C] hold [D] ward
    
    11. [A] upset [B] affected [C] effected [D] impressed
    
    12. [A] or [B] for [C] but [D] if
    
    13. [A] popularized [B] globalized [C] westernized [D] localized
    
    14. [A] Accordingly[B] Interestingly [C] Surprisingly [D] Strikingly
    
    15. [A] as [B] on [C] but [D] with
    
    16. [A] accepted [B] approved [C] assumed [D] acknowledged
    
    17. [A] but for [B] let alone [C] regardless of [D] much less
    
    18. [A] cope [B] challenge [C] tackle [D] undertake
    
    19. [A] matched [B] related [C] united [D] associated
    
    20. [A] bonded [B] combined [C] merged [D] incorporated
    
    答案
    
    1.C 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.D
    
    11.B 12.C 13.C 14.B 15.D 16.A 17. B 18.C 19.D 20.B
    
    总体分析
    
    本文主要介绍了英国饮食存在的问题。第一至二段指出，英国政府和食品工业被指责导致肥胖患者的增多。第三段指出，一方面日本饮食因日益西化，肥胖问题变得严重;另一方面，日本饮食在英国很流行，被视为健康饮食。第四段指出适度饮酒对身体有益，但英国要应付的是与过度引酒相关的问题。
    
    全文翻译
    
    一份最近的议会报告指责政府和食品工业导致肥胖患者增多。交通部门被指责在促进步行和骑车设施的发展方面做得不够，而且屈从于代表汽车使用者的机动车组织的压力。教育部被指责出卖学校的操场，在保证提供用于体育教学和游戏的充足设施方面做得不够。英国的年轻人为足球和橄榄球而疯狂，但更多的只是坐在家里看电视的“沙发土豆”。
    
    食品工业被指控向学生兜售垃圾食品，在减少熟食中糖、脂肪和盐含量方面做得不够。受到目前艾特金斯低碳水化合物饮食潮流的刺激，食品工业已经有所反应，但是它要努力保护一个庞大的市场，而且如果要避开日益增多的规定，它需要做的事情还很多。
    
    迄今为止，日本看上去受肥胖问题的影响较小，但是随着日本人食谱的日益西化(夹饼和油炸圈饼)，问题会变得严重。有趣的是，日式烹饪在英国很流行。它被看作是有别于地中海饮食的另一种健康饮食，后者着重于西红柿和橄榄油以及与之相结合的红酒。
    
    稍饮红酒现在被认为有利于心脏，更不用说红酒其它令人振奋的品性。但是英国人还需要做许多事情来解决与狂饮文化有关的酗酒问题——包括暴力和破坏行为。有节制的酒类消费，只要不和驾驶行为搭伴，就是无害的并可能是有益的。
    
    五、失眠
    
    Chronic insomnia is a major public health problem. And too many people are using__1__ therapies，even while there are a few treatments that do work. Millions of Americans __2__awake at night counting sheep or have a stiff drink or __3__an pill，hoping it will make them sleepy.__4__ experts agree all that self-medicating is a bad idea，and the causes of chronic insomnia remain__5__.
    
    Almost a third of adults have trouble sleeping，and about 10 percent have__6__ of daytime impairment that signal true insomnia. But __7__the complaints，scientists know surprisingly little about what causes chronic insomnia，its health consequences and how best to treat it，a panel of specialists __8__together by the National Institutes of Health concluded Wednesday. The panel called__9__a broad range of research into insomnia，__10__that if scientists understood its __11__causes，they could develop better treatments.
    
    Most，but not all，insomnia is thought to __12__other health problems，from arthritis and depression to cardiovascular disease. The question often is whether the insomnia came first or was a result of the other diseases and how trouble sleeping in__13__complicates those other problems. Other diseases __14__，the risk of insomnia seems to increase with age and to be more __15__among women，especially after their 50s. Smoking，caffeine and numerous __16__drugs also affect sleep.
    
    The NIH is spending about $200 million this year on sleep-related research，some__17__to specific disorders and others __18__the underlying scientific laws that control the nervous system of sleep. The agency was__19__the panel‘s review before deciding what additional work should be__20__ at insomnia.
    
    1. [A] unproven [B] unknown [C] improper [D] imperative
    
    2. [A] fall [B] lie [C] seem [D] become
    
    3. [A] prescribe [B] pop [C] abuse [D] experiment
    
    4. [A] And [B] Though [C] Thus [D] But
    
    5. [A] peculiar [B] anonymous [C] mysterious [D] unexpected
    
    6. [A] signals [B] symptoms [C] signs [D] symbols
    
    7. [A] in addition to[B] except for [C] owing to [D] for all
    
    8. [A] pulled [B] collected [C] brought [D] drawn
    
    9. [A] on [B] for [C] up [D] in
    
    10. [A] noting [B] notifying [C] nosing [D] nominating
    
    11. [A] undertaking[B] underlining [C] underlying [D] undermining
    
    12. [A] cause [B] accompany [C] follow [D] attend
    
    13. [A] short [B] case [C] essence [D] turn
    
    14. [A] inside [B] outside [C] aside [D] besides
    
    15. [A] common [B] popular [C] frequent [D] regular
    
    16. [A] conscription[B] description [C] subscription[D] prescription
    
    17. [A] aimed [B] targeted [C] designated [D] designed
    
    18. [A] examining [B] inspecting [C] verifying [D] assessing
    
    19. [A] conducting [B] awaiting [C] receiving [D] considering
    
    20. [A] assigned [B] charged [C] directed [D] attended
    
    答案
    
    1.A 2.B 3.B 4.D 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.C 9.B 10.A
    
    11.C 12.B 13.D 14.C 15.A 16.D 17.B 18.A 19.B 20.C
    
    总体分析
    
    本文主要介绍了对失眠的研究工作。文章第一段指出慢性失眠是一个重要的公共健康问题，但其致病原因仍是个迷。第二段介绍了(美)全国卫生研究所一个专家小组的结论，该小组呼吁对失眠进行广泛的研究。第三段讨论了失眠与其他因素，如疾病、年龄、药物等的关系。第四段介绍了(美)全国卫生研究所对失眠正在进行的研究情况。
    
    全文翻译
    
    慢性失眠是一个主要的公共健康问题。而且，太多人正使用未经验证的治疗方法，尽管有些方法确实是有效的。上百万的美国人夜里睡不着觉，躺着数羔羊、喝杯烈酒或吞个药片，希望这会使他们产生困意。然而，专家们一致认为，自作主张乱吃药并不是解决失眠的好方法，导致慢性失眠的原因目前还是一个谜。
    
    几乎有1/3的成年人存在睡眠障碍，而且大约10%的人有白天功能减退的症状，这些症状表明他们确实患上了失眠症。但是，一个由(美)全国卫生研究所召集的专家小组在周三得出这样的结论：尽管(社会上关于长期失眠的)抱怨很多，但科学家们对长期失眠的原因，它对健康的影响以及如何有效地治疗都知之甚少。该专家小组呼吁对失眠症进行广泛研究，指出如果科学家们了解了失眠的潜在原因，他们可能会发现更好的治疗方法。
    
    很多，但不是所有的失眠症被认为伴随着其他健康问题产生，从关节炎、抑郁到心血管疾病。而问题通常是不知道是先产生失眠，还是失眠是其他疾病的结果，以及失眠如何又使其他问题变得更加复杂。撇开其他疾病不说，失眠的可能性随着年龄的增加而增加，而且在妇女中更加普遍，尤其是50岁以后。吸烟、咖啡因及众多的处方药也影响睡眠。
    
    (美)全国卫生研究所今年要花大约2000亿美元用于睡眠的相关研究，其中一些以特定的(睡眠)紊乱为目标，另外一些观察控制睡眠神经系统的潜在科学规律。该机构正等待专家小组的评论以决定对失眠进行的下一步研究工作。

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