浅析考研英语阅读之同义替换
2013年07月18日
来源：跨考教育
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随着炎炎夏日的到来, 同学们的复习进度也正在进行的如火如荼。在英语阅读块面，仔细阅读考研文章之后, 再来看题目和选项, 相比很多同学都已经发现一个共性，那就是：同义替换。很多题目和选项都或多或少的与原文里的句子有些不大一样，但是意思却基本相同。下面跨考考研英语教研室仇永香老师就2002年文中里出现的同义替换简要跟大家来分享下，希望在以后的阅读过程中注意此类选项和原文做对比, 以提高做题效率。
Text1 是一篇讲述如何在对话中有效使用幽默的文章
1. ：To make your humor work, you should ________.
答案C：address different problems to different people
定位原文：Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different.
答题要点：既然是细节题,并且出现在第一道,那么应该正确答案理应出现在文章前面段落,并且很可能就是第一段.正确选项和原文之间并非出现词汇的同义替换, 而是换了句型.
2：The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ________.
正确答案B：very conscious of their godlike role
原文复现："Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that's God," came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor."
答题要点：这个题目难度较大, 但是解本题的时候, 除了找到此同义替换局外, 还有一点是关键的, 那就是这个例子出现的背景, 那就是护士对医生有着一致的看法和观点, 并且绝对不是一种好的评价, 所以才会拿来开玩笑. 所以再结合原文, 应该推断, B为正确选项.说明医生很在乎自己上帝般的角色God再次出现。
3： It can be inferred from the text that public services ________.
正确答案D：have often been the laughing stock
原文定位：You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.
答题要点：the Post Office or the telephone system与public services属于上下义的关系，因此一定程度上属于同义替换, 并且laughing stock与scapegoats如果仔细看这段文字的话, 也会发现, 其实就是同义的表达而已.
4：To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered ________.
答案D：as casually as possible
原文定位：If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.
答题要点：先定位, 然后再来分析发现原文中nature, casual, off-the-cuff，relaxed, unforced全都是答案中casually的同义词, 如此之多, 完全可以判定正确选项D
Text 2
1: Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ________.
正确答案C：the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work
原文定位：Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty.
解题要点：本题的难度较小, 很容易辨析, 在原文与选项的对比之后发现tools 再次出现，difficult, dangerous是dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty的同义替换, 也就是换个方式把原文的意思重新表达一次, 很明显为正确选项.
2: The word "gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means ________.
正确答案C：devices
原文定位：As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.
解题要点：从题型来看, 这属于典型的词汇题, 而词汇题的做题关键则是在原文的上下文中找出相应的近义词, 同义词和反义词之类, 也可以使同义表达.从后面定语从句来看，重点是remove human labor. 再从后面的几个例子中，factory, banking, subway train几个东西都是工具，得出答案。
3：题：According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can __
正确答案D：respond independently to a changing world
原文定位："While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world."
答题要点：reliably interact with a dynamic world是文章中的respond independently to a changing world同义转化，并且题目中也有类似的同义替换, 如beyond man’s ability 等同于原文中的 can not yet give…
4：Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ________.
正确答案B：deal with some errors with human intervention
原文定位：But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves — goals that pose a real challenge….while we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error…
答题要点：同义替换, with human intervention替换了文中with less human supervision.
比其他一些题目更难的地方在于, 这句话无论是原文还是正确选项都有个前提, 所以必须考虑进来, 如果不考虑前提, 很有可能出现断章取义, 导致错选了A, make a few decision for themselves.
Text1 是一篇讲述如何在对话中有效使用幽默的文章
1. ：To make your humor work, you should ________.
答案C：address different problems to different people
定位原文：Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different.
答题要点：既然是细节题,并且出现在第一道,那么应该正确答案理应出现在文章前面段落,并且很可能就是第一段.正确选项和原文之间并非出现词汇的同义替换, 而是换了句型.
2：The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ________.
正确答案B：very conscious of their godlike role
原文复现："Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that's God," came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor."
答题要点：这个题目难度较大, 但是解本题的时候, 除了找到此同义替换局外, 还有一点是关键的, 那就是这个例子出现的背景, 那就是护士对医生有着一致的看法和观点, 并且绝对不是一种好的评价, 所以才会拿来开玩笑. 所以再结合原文, 应该推断, B为正确选项.说明医生很在乎自己上帝般的角色God再次出现。
3： It can be inferred from the text that public services ________.
正确答案D：have often been the laughing stock
原文定位：You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.
答题要点：the Post Office or the telephone system与public services属于上下义的关系，因此一定程度上属于同义替换, 并且laughing stock与scapegoats如果仔细看这段文字的话, 也会发现, 其实就是同义的表达而已.
4：To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered ________.
答案D：as casually as possible
原文定位：If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.
答题要点：先定位, 然后再来分析发现原文中nature, casual, off-the-cuff，relaxed, unforced全都是答案中casually的同义词, 如此之多, 完全可以判定正确选项D
Text 2
1: Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ________.
正确答案C：the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work
原文定位：Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty.
解题要点：本题的难度较小, 很容易辨析, 在原文与选项的对比之后发现tools 再次出现，difficult, dangerous是dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty的同义替换, 也就是换个方式把原文的意思重新表达一次, 很明显为正确选项.
2: The word "gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means ________.
正确答案C：devices
原文定位：As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.
解题要点：从题型来看, 这属于典型的词汇题, 而词汇题的做题关键则是在原文的上下文中找出相应的近义词, 同义词和反义词之类, 也可以使同义表达.从后面定语从句来看，重点是remove human labor. 再从后面的几个例子中，factory, banking, subway train几个东西都是工具，得出答案。
3：题：According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can __
正确答案D：respond independently to a changing world
原文定位："While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world."
答题要点：reliably interact with a dynamic world是文章中的respond independently to a changing world同义转化，并且题目中也有类似的同义替换, 如beyond man’s ability 等同于原文中的 can not yet give…
4：Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ________.
正确答案B：deal with some errors with human intervention
原文定位：But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves — goals that pose a real challenge….while we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error…
答题要点：同义替换, with human intervention替换了文中with less human supervision.
比其他一些题目更难的地方在于, 这句话无论是原文还是正确选项都有个前提, 所以必须考虑进来, 如果不考虑前提, 很有可能出现断章取义, 导致错选了A, make a few decision for themselves.
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