第一篇 应对策略
    
    1.1应对对策
    
    1.考研写作应对对策Ⅰ：语言
    
    (1)词汇
    
    常用词：think→argue/maintain/hold/believe/assume,或介词短语for my part/as for me/to the best of my knowledge/understanding,the way I see It ;
    
    Important→crucial/vital/essential/imperative/critical/necessary;show→indicate/demlmstrate-reveal-unfold;many→a great number of (可数)/a tremendous amount of(不可数)。
    
    连接词：例举多项：for one thing,…for another,…still another,…at last;to begin with…moreover/what is more…last but not least,举例一项时：sth.provides us with a good illustration.a case in point,as a proof,as an example,for example,for instance,in particular,such as(不可用在句首)
    
    (2)句型
    
    (2008团队精神19分)it is teanwork that makes it possible for them to go anywhere they want
    
    To。(强调句、形式宾语)
    
    (同上)
    
    It has been universally acknowledged that the ability of teamwork is the most essential
    
    Qualification that anyone who wants to achieve success should possess. (形式主语、定语从句)
    
    (2006偶像崇拜19分)some,like the young man in the photo,express their enthusiasm by writing his name on their faces,while others,like the one in the hair studio.spend as much as 300 yuan for a hair style modeling on that of beckham。(连接词，对仗结构)
    
    (2005敬老养老18分)those who tried every means to avoid their duty of looking after their 。
    
    Elders should bear in mind that they are much indebted to their parents for their birth and growth。(定语从句，宾语从句)
    
    (同上)this picture reveals a not-uncommon phenomenon of how elders are treated by their grow-up children in some of the families in china 。(双重否定表肯定、被动表达)
    
    (2003温室花朵17分)the real implication of the anthor is that everyone has to meet difficulties in their life experience,so we have to make adequate preparations for them。(名词替代动词，系表结构)
    
    (题目同上12分)this time,the flower can not stand in the heave rain。(不用缩写表示正式)
    
    (题目同上12分)we can not imagine a society full of adults having the ahility like seven –year-old children。(it is beyond imagination that…)(名词代替动词，缩写问题)
    
    (题目同上10分)looking at it carefully ,the flower is protected from the rain outside the warm house。(垂悬结构，主被动分清)
    
    (题目同上6分)there are two picture ,one is said that a flower can not be hurt by rain and wind,
    
    She grows wonderful。(多一个谓语存在混乱—并列或降级)
    
    (2004终点又是新起点16分)the market economy and competitive society drives many people to study hard for higher academic degrees。(主谓一致)
    
    (2002文化交流4分)a beautiful american girl is wearing chinese clothes is smiling to us。(汉语思维的影响，主语从句)
    
    2、考研写作应对对策Ⅱ：结构
    
    (1)审题阶段
    
    (2)各段充实
    
    3、考研写作应对对策Ⅲ
    
    (1)有话可说
    
    (2)不离正题
    
    
    第二篇 结构科学 内容充实
    
    2.1 考研写作应对对策Ⅱ：结构——注意逻辑
    
    2.2 三段分别覆盖情况：
    
    首段三种：图画描述、现象描述、寓意象征(可以在第二段)
    
    中心段三种：原因分析、利弊分析、举例说明
    
    尾段三种：判断评论&问题建议、个人选择、现实运用
    
    2.3 详细解析
    
    2.3.1 图画描述
    
    四句：第一句对画面的简单概括，第二三句描写画面内容，最后一句点明中心，即象征或寓意(这句也可以放在第二段第一句：承上启下)
    
    图画描述段的首尾句常用有：
    
    (1)
    
    A：一幅图首句：
    
    ※This is an interesting and thought-provoking picture。(extraordinary /meaningful)
    
    ※ As is shown in the picture, (depicted/conveyed/drawn/illustrated)
    
    ※ The picture shocks us beyond description。(reveals only the tip of an ugly iceberg。用于反面意义图画)
    
    B:一幅图尾句
    
    ※ The meaning conveyed by the picture is clear but profound:揭示中心(drawing/photo)
    
    ※ It is obvious that…揭示中心
    
    ※ Obviously… 揭示中心
    
    (2)
    
    A：两幅图首句
    
    ※ The two pictures are interesting and thought-provoking。(extraordinary/meaningful)
    
    ※ As is shown in the first picture. 第一幅图描述 whereas the second picture depicts…第二幅图描述(depicted/conveyed/drawn)
    
    ※ As depicted in the pictures…第一幅图描述 and 第二幅图描述
    
    ※ As we can see from the first picture…第一幅描述，in the second picture,however…第二幅图描述
    
    ※ The two pictures reveal a not uncommon phenomenon that…总结画面图像
    
    B：两幅图尾句
    
    ※ Comparing the two pictures,we can conclude that…揭示中心
    
    ※ The meaning conveyed by the pictures is clear but profound:揭示中心(drawing/photo)
    
    ※ It is obvious that…揭示中心
    
    ※ Obviously…揭示中心
    
    ※ It is not difficult to conclude the symbolic meaning of the pictures…揭示中心
    
    2.3.2 现象简介
    
    四句：第一句是对相关现状的概括介绍，第二三句进一步细节介绍，最后一句点明主题，可能带来的后果。
    
    现象简介段常用首尾句：
    
    A：首句(开门见山说现象)
    
    It is really common that .。。介绍现象(有图说图，没图说事)
    
    It is not uncommon that.。。介绍现象(有图说图，没图说事)
    
    The drawing reflects the common phenomenon of…名词性现象描述
    
    Recently，there has been a growing concern among the public over the issue/phenomenon that…介绍现象(有图说图，没图说事)(Today/Nowadays)
    
    Lately，the discussion of…(现象)has aroused nationwide attention among the public。
    
    B;尾句
    
    The meaning conveyed by the phenomenon is clear but profound ：揭示中心…(revealed/implied)
    
    The profound implication of the phenomenon is that…揭示中心
    
    Therefore，it is obvious that…揭示中心
    
    Obviously…揭示中心
    
    2.3.3 寓意象征
    
    四句：第一句对画面的简要评价，第二三句对画面简单描述，第四句得出结论，揭示主题。
    
    如果出现在第二段就在第二三句进行拓展。
    
    寓意象征段常用首尾句
    
    A：首句
    
    As can be seen form the picture，the drawer tells us that…说出画面的寓意(cartoon/photo)
    
    What the picture illustrates is a profound topic in our daily life which often causes our concern…说出画面的寓意
    
    It is not a difficult job for us to make clear the meaning of the picture…说出寓意
    
    B;尾句
    
    Therefore，…说出深层寓意(广泛的)
    
    The majority of people would agree that…你的结论。
    
    2.3.4 原因分析
    
    四到六句：第一句阐述中心说明有多种原因，第二三句列举原因(并列的原因，注意连接)，第四局本段结论(强调已列举的原因及产生的结果——过渡作用)。
    
    原因分析段框架示例：
    
    There are a variety of reasons for the phenomenon. For one thing…举一个原因。For
    
    Another,…另一个原因。(as a result,…结论。)
    
    Why does this phenomenon appear?I think there are several possible reasons for this。
    
    First and formost,…举一个原因：furthermore,…另一个原因：last but not least,…最
    
    后一个原因。
    
    其他首句还有：
    
    I have three reason for my conclusion//predicition/assumption。
    
    To the best of my knowledge，the following reasons may contribute to this phenomenon。
    
    As far as I am concerned，several reasons can be identified。
    
    其他列举原因还可用：
    
    The main reson for the phenomenon is that…举一个最重要典型的原因：another major reason is due to…另一个原因(注意用名词性短语结构)
    
    In the first place，…Secondly，…Finally，…
    
    The first reason is…,and the second one is…
    
    Not only because…，but also because…
    
    2.3.5 利弊分析
    
    一定有利有弊
    
    六句：第一句总结说有利有弊(一定不要用Every coin has two sides。俗!)：第二三句写优势以及拓展推导：第四五句写劣势以及拓展推导：第六句写利弊相当或利大于弊或弊大于利。
    
    利弊分析段框架示例
    
    We can easily recognize the both sides of the phenomenon.The advantages can be concluded as follows.To begin with，…第一个优势：moreover，…第二个优势：However，there are also
    
    drawbacks to the phenomenon.For one thing,…第一个劣势：for another，…第二个劣势。
    
    It is not a difficult job to be aware of the attractions and the shortcomings of the phenomenon。
    
    On the one hand，…列举优点。On the other hand，…列举缺点。
    
    其他可用的过渡方式：
    
    For all the advantages mentioned above，…讨论主题 is by to no means without any limitations，as listed below.For one thing，…劣势一，for another，劣势二。
    
    For my part，I maintain that the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。
    
    In spite of the situation of…讨论主题，its weaknesses are insignificant compared with its
    
    Strengths。
    
    2.3.6 举例说明
    
    注意切题(油灯)
    
    六句：第一句说明中心与现实的关系，即寓意和例子的关系(过渡)【中心思想和生活的紧密联系】。第二三句一个例子及其相关拓展(例子和其后果)，第四五句又一个例子及其相关扩展，第六句给出本段结论(说明已举例和中心的关系)【***本段第一句和最后一句要相互呼应】
    
    举例说明段框架示例：
    
    As an example of 主题，.。。说出事例。另一事例 also provides us with a good illustration.Obviously，…结论。
    
    It is not hard to find proper examples in our daily life .Firstly,……举例。Besides, ,……再举一例。Therefore，the phenomenon has been so common that we have to take actions to shift the situation。(最后一句用于尾段是提建议时)
    
    When it comes to the phenomenon,……一个例子must be concemed here.It also comes to me that……另一事例。
    
    Take …as an example。
    
    2.3.7判断评论
    
    容易操作，说出自己的看法。好的现象要发扬光大，不好的现象给出改进建议。
    
    三句：第一句给出承上启下的总结(中心强调)，第二句自己观点(注意观点一定要与前面提到的一致，不要再提出任何新的观点或看法)，第三句强调自己观点的合理性(only倒装句的使用)。
    
    判断评论段的首句选择：
    
    To the best of my undertanding，it is advisable that we take a rational attitude towards this issue。(positive、dialectical)
    
    For my part ，I believe that ……说自己看法。
    
    It goes without saying that ……说上文结论。My point of view is that……说自己观点。
    
    
    2.3.8问题建议
    
    相关人士应该做的事。
    
    三句(尾段)：第一句点明存在的问题，第二句给出建议及带来的好的结果，第三段给出本段结论(对自己的解决方案的评价：用only倒装句显示其价值和强调)。
    
    问题建议段框架示例：
    
    For my part，it is imperative for us to take drastic measures。For one thing，……建议一。For another，……建议二。Only in this way can way……建议实施后的结果。
    
    Indeed，上面提到的结论。As far as I am concerned，we should work out concrete solution to problem of ……问题或现状。For instance，建议。Only by doing this can way……建议实施后的结果。
    
    In order to …目标，there are some suggestions available。In the first place ，…建议一。Moreover …建议一。Only in this way can way……建议实施后的结果。
    
    Accordingly ，it is the high time that we placed great emphasis on this phenomenon。(一定用过去时)。
    
    2.3.9个人选择
    
    三句：第一句点明自己选择，第二句说明选择原因，第三句声明其优势作总结。
    
    切忌在观点上摇晃，如果需要偏向某一观点就一贯坚持本观点：如果是两观点对比就不要显示偏向;如果是两观点选其一就在选择后不再动摇。
    
    个人选择常用首句：
    
    In my opinion …自己的选择is my favor。
    
    As for me，I prefer…选择的to…未选的。
    
    All in all ，I would say that …选择的get my approval。
    
    2.3.10现实运用
    
    通过寄予希望，号召做结尾。
    
    三句：第一句点明其价值，第二句列举其运用或现实中启示，第三句给出运用后的预期效果(展望、号召、希望)。
    
    现实运用常用首句：
    
    Indeed，there is a widespread concern over …说现实。
    
    As the public awareness of … 现实 heightens,people will try hard to change the situation。
    
    Now an increasing number of people come to realize that…说实话。
    
    常用表示展望的句型：
    
    Only by doing this a harmonious relationship will not be contrary to our expectations。(用在描述两者关系时)
    
    We should be confident in our expectation of a bright future in this area。(用在期待某事有所改善时)
    
    A better situation is not going to be far from us。
    
    2.4考研写作最实用论证方法总结：
    
    因果式：图画描述-----原因分析-----解决建议
    
    例证式：现象描述-----举例说明-----判断评论
    
    类比式/对比式：描述-----利弊分析-----判断评论
    
    
    第三篇 实战写作
    
    3.1考研写作科学的写作过程：
    
    1.审题
    
    2.列提纲
    
    3.开始写作
    
    4.检查
    
    第四篇 应用文
    
    满分策略：
    
    4.1信函写作：个人书信&事务公函
    
    语域使用：正式—使用礼貌表达，不用缩略语(对公)
    
    半正式—可以使用缩略和口语表达(对私)
    
    非正式(一般不考)——It depends
    
    组成部分：称呼、正文、落款
    
    4.1.1格式：称呼、落款、正文
    
    4.1.2内容
    
    三段(8句)：写作目的段、细化段、感谢或者期待。
    
    4.1.3各种信函内容安排
    
    建议信：2007年及2009年PartA真题及解析：
    
    基本结构和常用句型：
    
    Dear…
    
    自我介绍，赞扬在先，仍需改进，提出建议。
    
    建议细节
    
    期望改进，表示感谢。
    
    Yours sincerely
    
    Li Ming
    
    与投诉信比较：仍然以提建议为主：无需赞扬，直接表明写信目的—即提建议：最后无需感谢，只需表示期待改进。
    
    常用句型：
    
    I am writing with my suggestion about…。。
    
    I would like to suggest that…
    
    I hope you will find these suggestions helpful
    
    I would like to extend my appreciation if you are so kind as to take my suggestions into consideration
    
    We would like to draw your attention to something you have obviously failed to notice(投诉信)
    
    I am writing to express my concern|dissatisfaction|disappointment about…(投诉信)
    
    To improve the situation ,it is advisable for you to take the following measures(投诉信)
    
    We trust that you will now consider this matter seriously and make an effort to prevent the recurrence of this kind (投诉信)
    
    致歉信：2008PartA真题及解析
    
    基本结构和常用句型：
    
    Dear…
    
    表明写信目的：道歉
    
    阐述道歉原因，并提出解决方法。
    
    再次道歉。
    
    常用句型：
    
    I am writing to apologize to you for my failing to …
    
    Here is my deepest apology for 。。
    
    I would like to express my apologies for not being able to…
    
    I am writing to you with some embarrassment and many apologies。
    
    Excuse me for my carelessness in making such a mess
    
    I am really sorry for the trouble.Would you mind if I ….?
    
    Would it be convenient for you …?
    
    To make up for the inconvenience caused,I would like to 。。
    
    Once again ,I am sorry for any inconvenience caused。
    
    申请信：2006年PartA 真题及解析(申请信&请求信)
    
    基本结构和常用句型：
    
    Dear…
    
    告知信息来源及写信目的
    
    突出重点的自我介绍，
    
    附简历
    
    表示感谢。
    
    Yours sincerely ,
    
    Li Ming
    
    常用句型：
    
    I learnt from the newspaper that you are wanting an accountant and I would like to apply for the job
    
    Sb, suggested me to write to you about the medical physicist position at ABC Med-Instrument Corporation
    
    Enclosed is my resume to provide additional information about my undergraduate work。
    
    I would appreciate the opportunity to meet with you to discuss further how my qualifications meet the needs of your organization。
    
    Thank you for your time and consideration。 
    
    辞职信：2005年PartA真题及解析(辞职信)：
    
    基本结构和常用句型：
    
    Dear…,
    
    写信目的表明要辞职。
    
    给出辞职原因。
    
    感谢栽培并表示抱歉。
    
    Yours sincerely,
    
    Li Ming
    
    常用句型：
    
    I am sorry to tell you that I decided to quit the job of being a …职业。
    
    I am writing to inform you of my decision: I am going to quit my present job。
    
    Please accept my apology。
    
    I have been trying in vain to convince myself that the job is interesting。
    
    I highly appreciate the invaluable experience and happy days working here。
    
    Thank you for your patience , understanding , and trust。
    
    询问信：考研英语大纲样题应用文部分(询问信)：
    
    基本结构和常用句型：
    
    Dear …,
    
    自我介绍，表明写信母的是咨询某事。
    
    询问细节。
    
    感谢及相关信息。
    
    Your sincerely
    
    Li Ming
    
    常用句型：
    
    27.I am writing this letter to inquire about …
    
    28.I want to/would like to know …
    
    29.I wonder if …
    
    30.Would it be possible for you to …?
    
    31.How should I pay for these books ?—by cash or by other means ?
    
    32.Finally , if I order these books now, when can I get them ? How will these books be delivered to my house?
    
    33.I should be grateful if you could give me an early reply。
    
    邀请信：
    
    基本结构：
    
    Dear…,
    
    发出邀请。
    
    为何邀请细节。
    
    期望参加。
    
    Yours sincerely,
    
    Li Ming
    
    常用句型：
    
    We are having a farewell party/a gather together/meeting/seminar in (place) on (date) at (time). Would you like to come?(不太正式)
    
    It is my honor to inform you that there is an academic meeting in (place) on (date) at (time)。(正式)
    
    We would be too glad to invite you as an expert to our school for the inquiry of studying abroad。
    
    If you have no other plans for this weekend night, will you do us a favor of going to our party?
    
    接收邀请与谢绝邀请的表达法：都要表示感谢。
    
    Accept the invitation:
    
    Success is the last persistence at the toughest moment。成功是最艰难时刻的坚持。
    
    Thank you very much for your invitation。
    
    It’s our great pleasure to accept your invitation。
    
    Nothing would give us greater pleasure than accepting your kind invitation。
    
    Refuse the invitation:
    
    Thank you so much for your invitation , but I have had plans at the time. If you don’t mind, let’s make an appointment next time when you are available。
    
    I regret that I can’t make it because of a sudden illness/full schedule/business trip。
    
    范文解析：
    
    Dear Professor Wang,
    
    It is my honor to inform you that there is a “Culture Festival” held in mu school. Would you like to give us an excellent lecture on Phychology in the auditorium of our campus on sept. 13th at 6:30 P.M.?
    
    Since phychology has caused more and more concerns among the students, and you are an expert in the area, we all expect your acceptance and your wonderful lecture。
    
    I very much hope than you will be able to attend and give us a talk in your branch. If you have any question. Please contact me。
    
    Look forward to hearing your lecture。
    
    Yours sincerely,
    
    Li Ming
    
    感谢信：
    
    基本结构
    
    Dear…,
    
    表示感谢。
    
    感谢缘由及内心感受。
    
    再次感谢，寄予希望。
    
    常用句型：
    
    I sincerely appreciate your kindness and generosity。
    
    Thank you ever much for the latest information。
    
    Please accept out sincerest thanks for what you have done for us. (heartfelt gratitude)
    
    I don’t know how to thank you for such generous behavior. It is something that I will cherish for a long time to come。
    
    I am now writing to express my great appreciation for the timely help you offered。
    
    It was considerate of you to do me a great favor。
    
    I wish there were a better word than “thanks” to express my appreciation。
    
    Many thanks again for your generous hospitality。
    
    Words fail me when I want to express my gratitude to you。
    
    范文解析：
    
    Dear Jim,
    
    I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude. I am referring to that unfortunate accident the other day, when I was knocked off my bike by a taxi。
    
    If it had not been for your timely assistance in giving me first aid, I fear that the Consequences might have been much more serious. Everynoe agrees that it was your quick-witted response in that emergency that has led to this satisfactory outcome。。
    
    Although nowdays people in mounting numbers talk about the need to be unselfish, we see very few people practice what they preach. If there were more people like you, this world would be a much nicer place。
    
    Yours sincerely,
    
    Li Ming
    
    祝贺信：
    
    基本结构：
    
    Dear….,
    
    表示祝贺，为之高兴。
    
    祝贺缘由，劳有所获。
    
    寄予期望，取得更大成就。
    
    再次祝贺。
    
    Yours sincerely,
    
    Li Ming
    
    常用句型：
    
    Congratulations to you no getting the scholarship。
    
    I am just as proud as you can be of you and send my sincerest congratulations no your achievement/success/graduation。
    
    What wonderful news!I know how happy you must be at the news of your promotion/election。
    
    Please accept my heartiest congratulations on your graduation/getting such a good job。
    
    I am looking forward to hearing more good news in your studies and research work。
    
    范文解析：
    
    Dear Mr.Smith,
    
    I was very happy to learn that you have been elected President of the Seotland-China Associatioin and Iwould like, on behalf of the Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries and in my own name,to express to you our warmest congratulations。
    
    I hope that during your tenore of office the relations of friendship and cooperation that already exist between our two organizations will be further developed. Let us join our efforts to make greater contributions to the promotion of mutual understanding and friendship between the people’s of China and Scotland。
    
    Yours sincerely,
    
    Li Ming 
    

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