1. Active learning, in which students write essays or perform experiments and then have their work evaluated by an instructor, is far more beneficial for those who have not yet fully learned how to learn.
    
    [参考译文] 积极的学习，即学生们写文章或做实验，然后让一位老师评估他们的作业，对那些还没有完全学会如何学习的学生来说要更为有益得多。
    
    [结构分析]该句可分为两大部分：Active learning, (in which students write essays or perform experiments and then have their work evaluated by an instructor,)is far more beneficial for those who have not yet fully learned how to learn.括号外的内容是主句，括号里的内容是介词+which模式的定语从句；主句的主语是Active learning，谓语是is，表语是beneficial，far more是状语，其中far是程度副词，相当于much，for those是状语，其后who引导的定语从句中，主语是who，谓体是have not yet fully learned，宾语结构是how to learn。括号内的定语从句修饰前面的Active learning，由三部分构成，即or…and连接的三个并列句，第一个并列句的主语是students，谓语是write，宾语是essays，第二个并列句的谓语是perform，宾语是experiments，第三个并列句的谓语是have．．．evaluated，宾语是work，by an instructor是状语结构。
    
    [知识链接] active积极的；essay文章；perform an experiment做实验；evaluate评估instructor指导者，老师；be beneficial for．．．对……有益。
    
    2. The American version of the "ideal individual" prefers an atmosphere of freedom, where neither the government nor any other external force or agency dictates what the individual does.
    
    [参考译文] 美国版的“理想个人”更喜欢一种自由的氛围，在这种氛围中政府或者任何别的外部力量都不会强行规定个人该做什么。
    
    [结构分析] 该句可分为两大部分：(The American version of the "ideal individual" prefers an atmosphere of freedom,)(where neither the government nor any other external force or agency dictates what the individual does.)，第一部分是主句，第二部分是以where引导的非限定定语从句，修饰前面的atmosphere；主句的主语是The American version，谓语是prefers，宾语是an atmosphere，of the“ideal individual”作version的后定语，of freedom作atmosphere的后定语；第二部分的主语是由neither．．．nor…or．．．连接的并列名词短语，谓语是dictates，宾语是what引导的从句。
    
    [知识链接] version版本；ideal理想的；prefer更喜欢，联想记忆：prefer．．．to．．．宁要……而不要……；atmosphere氛围；external外部的，联想记忆：internal内部的；agency机构；dictate命令，强制规定。
    
    3. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entitles directed against each other, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entitles independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply.
    
    [参考译文] 冲突不同于竞争，前者指彼此对立的社会群体间的对抗，后者指独自争夺匮乏资源的社会群体间的对抗。
    
    [结构分析] 该句可分为三部分：Conflict, (defined as opposition among social entities directed against each other, )is distinguished from competition, (defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply.)，括号外的内容Conflict．．．is distinguished from competition是主句，Conflict是主语，is是谓语，distinguished from competition是表语；两个括号里的内容均是过去分词短语，分别作前面Conflict和competition的后置定语；第一个定语结构中前省略了which is，谓语是be defined as，宾语是opposition，介词短语among social entities作前面opposition的定语，directed against each other是过去分词+介词短语结构，作前面social entities的定语；第二个定语结构的前半部分与第一个完全相同，striving for something是现在分词短语，作social entities的定语，independently作strive for的状语，最后的which引导something的定语从句，in inadequate supply是is的表语结构。这个句子翻译时要先译主句，然后再分别译两个后置定语结构。
    
    [知识链接] conflict冲突；be defined as．．．被定义为……；opposition对立，对抗；
    
    entities实体，群体；be directed against．．．与．．．．对立；be distinguished from．．．与．．．．不同；competition竞争；independently独立地，独自地；strive for．．．追求……；sth．is in supply供应……；inadequate不充足的，匮乏的，联想记忆：adequate充足的，充分的。
    
    4. The resulting situation--in which most people would not be working in their jobs for more than two or three short days a week--could hardly continue to be one in which employment was still regarded as the only truly valid form of work.
    
    [参考译文] 最终的情形将是：大多数人在其岗位上的工作时间一周内不会超过短短的两三天，这将使得就业不再被视作唯一真正有效的工作方式。
    
    [结构分析] 该句可分为三大部分：The resulting situation-- ( in which most people would not be working in their jobs for more than two or three short days a week)—could hardly continue to be one (in which employment was still regarded as the only truly valid form of work.)；括号外的内容是主句，即The resulting situation...could hardly continue to be one，其中的one指代前面的situation；两个括号里的内容均是定语从句；第一个定语从句属于介词in+关系代词which的模式，其中which指代前面的situation，该从句的主语是employment，谓语是was regarded as，宾语是the．．．form of work；第二个括号里的定语从句与第一个定语从句的结构相同，修饰前面的one，该从句的主语是most people，谓语是would not be working，in their jobs作地点状语，for more than two or three short days a week作时间状语。翻译时要将主句的否定词hardly后移至was和regarded as之间，才会顺畅自如。
    
    [知识链接] resulting最终的；employment就业，联想记忆：unemployment失业；be regarded as．．．被认为是……；valid有效的，联想记忆：invalid无效的；form of work工作方式。
    
    5. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.
    
    [参考译文] 随着战后生育高峰期出生的孩子长大成人，以及妇女进入男性主宰的就业市场，限制了青少年的发展机遇。这些青少年已经开始质疑是否值得做出巨大的个人牺牲去攀登日本等级森严的社会阶梯以进入好学校，找到好工作。
    
    [结构分析] 该句可拆分为两大部分：(The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers) (who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs)，第一部分是主句，第二部分是who引导的定语从句，修饰前面的teenagers；主句的主干结构是The coming Of age and an entry…have limited the opportunities of teenagers，介词短语of the postwar baby boom和into the male-dominated job market分别作The coming of age和an entry的定语；who定语从句的主干结构是who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices，过去分词involved作sacrifices的后置定语，介词短语in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder作时间状语，to good schools and jobs也是介词短语，作前面ladder的后置定语。
    
    [知识链接] coming of age长大成人；postwar战后的，联想记忆：prewar战前的；baby boom生育高峰期(指二战后美国出现的1947—1961年婴儿出生高峰期)；male-dominated男性主宰的；job market就业市场；teenagers青少年；personal sacrifice个人牺牲；rigid严格的，森严的。
    
    6. The situation may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the "least-developed country" status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products.
    
    [参考译文] 这种状况将会在2008年彻底改变，届时肯尼亚的经济状况将稍有改善，不再具有“最不发达国家”的地位，该地位允许非洲制造商不必支付欧洲对指定农产品所征收的过高的进口关税。
    
    [结构分析] 该句可拆分为三大部分：(The situation may all change in 2008,) (when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the "least-developed country" status)(that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. )，第一部分是主句，结构比较简单，第二部分是when引导的定语从句，修饰前面的2008，第三部分是that引导的定语从句，修饰前面的status；when定语从句的主语是Kenya，谓语是will be，表语是slightly rich，too与后面的to qualify for．．．构成固定结构，意为：太……而不……；that定语从句的主语是that，谓语是allows，宾语是African producers，不定式to avoid．．．作宾语补足语，动名词结构paying stiff European import duties作avoid的宾语，介词短语on selected agricultural products作前面import duties的后置定语。
    
    [知识链接] Kenya肯尼亚(非洲)；qualify for…够资格做……；the“least-developed country”最不发达国家；status地位，身份；stiff严厉的，过高的；import duty进口税；selected指定的；agricultural product农产品。