闪电追击重拳突破09年考研英语新题型
2008年12月24日
来源:新东方
用微信扫描二维码
分享至好友和朋友圈
分享至好友和朋友圈
对于广大的考研备考战士来说,最后是攻坚冲刺阶段,含辛茹苦地准备了一年或两年的考试,就看这最后几个月了,所以最后拼一把,赌一把,辛苦一下是最值得的。在整个考研试卷中,大家最不熟悉的题型就是我们新题型了,因为它很新,2005年才开始考。很多同学面对新题型都是惊慌失措,毫无应对之策,然后就瞎选乱选,导致得分率不高,以致使失一分而全盘皆输。对于新题型,大家要想得高分,希望大家一定要搞清楚八大注意事项:
一、新题型的三大备选考试题型
自2005年考研题型改革以来,新题型有三种备选题型,即2005年、2008年两年考过的7选5 题型;2006年考过的5选5排序题和2007年的6选5段落标题选择题。
1)、7选5 题型:实际是一种特殊的完型填空题,把一篇500词左右文章的五个地方挖空,要求考生根据文章内容从给出出的6-7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。这类题文章阅读难度大,一个空填错势必会影响到对另外一个空的选择。
2)、5选5排序题:是将一片500词左右的文章原有顺序打乱,要求考生根据文章内容和结构将所列段落(7-8个)重新排序。其中有2-3个段落在文章中的位置已经给出。排序题的阅读量比阅读理解A节中的文章长一些,并且各段落没有按顺序排列,给阅读造成了很大的障碍
3)、6选5段落标题选择题:是在一篇长度为500词的文章中有6-7段文字或6-7个概括句或小标题,这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括、阐述或举例。要求考生根据文章内容,从这6-7个选项中选出最恰当的5段文字或5个标题填入文章的空白处。这一题型主要考查考生区分论点、论据,把握论点论据一致性的能力。要求考生根据文章内容,从多个选项中找出最能支持相应论点的论据,或者要求考生根据文章的内容,找出最能概括文章内容的论点。
二、了解考研文章的两大结构模式:
1、三段论 :是说明文议论文的共同全文结构模式。虽然表现形式有所差异,但主体板块分为三部分。
A. 说明文的基本模式是:引言(用事例、试验等引出问题),分析(分析原因;实验过程等),结论(建议、解决方案)。说明文阐述事物的原理、起因和可能的后果。
B. 议论文行文规则为:提出论点(常以事例引出),提出论据并论证论点,得出结论。其最终目的是说服读者接受某观点。议论文要用逻辑和论据来影响别人的看法或行动。
在考查过的文章中,无论是说明文还是议论文,都经常是一样的过程:
1)、引出要讨论的问题或现象(常以具体事例引出话题或论点)。
2)、然后展开分析过程或讨论其原因,
3)、最后得出结论、提建议或解决方案。
2、总分法: 是说明文和议论文在段落的拓展模式的共性。多数情况下段落首句是本段主题句。偶尔会有第二句或段尾句,比如说有的文章第一段的段首会先举例子,段尾才引出主题句。段落主旨极少有需自己概括的。了解这一点,要求我们从概率最高的情况出发。先快速扫描首句,看是否有概括性。如果第一句没有,迅速看段尾句。
三、掌握四种考研文章展开类型
1、问题型: 提出问题——分析问题 ——解决问题
2、议论型: 提出论点——列举论据——得出结论
3、立论/驳论型:提出观点——表示赞同——论证观点
提出观点—发表异议—驳斥观点—建立观点—论证观点
4、因果型: 结果/现象——原因/成因
四、把握两大做题关键
1. 把握主题唯一是关键。一个英语段落只能有一个主题。全文要围绕一个主题去展开;每一个段落也只有一个主题。分主题是为全文主题服务的。我们对已往考过的文章,文章或段落的主题常为明确的主题句,大家可以仔细研究分析真题,都可以明确找出。
2. 把握段落、句子前后连贯一致性是关键。 连贯性是指段落与段落之间,段落内的分句与分句之间的衔接和协调一致,上下文用词要连贯,用词会重复出现。文章或段落的论点与论据之间的关系必须清楚、合乎逻辑。这一点对考生的要求最高。
五、快速解题“四步走”
第一步:精读重点,通读全文。尤其是全文首末段,每段首句要精读,迅速得知文章的主旨大意。
第二步:精读选项,做好笔记。用笔记下每个选项的大致中文意思和核心词,做到心中有数,把选项意思与文章很好的融合起来,否则就容易看完之后忘记,导致浪费时间。
第三步:根据线索,原文定位。分析上下文背景,詹前顾后,选出答案。
第四步:全文检查,高分必备。把自己选择的选项带入原文,检测是否文章前后连贯,检测所选的选项是否和文章的主旨大意相吻合。
六、熟知文章逻辑关系
常见文章逻辑关系主要有:并列递进关系、转折关系、因果关系、解释关系、例证关系、定义关系等:下面举四种考的最多的逻辑关系词,希望大家可以背背:
A.并列递进关系:标志词汇有 and, indeed, also, besides, similarly, like, accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover等;
B.转折关系:标志词:but, yet, although, however, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead等;
C.因果关系:标志词汇有 for, because, since, therefore等;
D.解释关系:标志词汇有 that is, that is to say, for example, such as, namely, in other words等;
七、八大必备解题技巧
填空式阅读的五道题目中,一般有两道题考查连贯性,这种题对语言基础要求不高,只要熟悉英语中实现语篇连贯的显性连接标志,就可以迅速定位。排序题也有些做题规律技巧。所以,语言基础薄弱的同学,掌握一些必备的做题技巧,对于考试而言,还是非常关键的。最常见的做题技巧有八种:
1、“亲近原则”。瞻前顾后,在文章空白处的上下文中寻找解题的线索,可根据大家非常熟悉的做完形填空的方法,有些题可以直接根据亲近原则找到答案,非常迅速快捷,准确性也高。
2、“数字时间和首字母大写原则”。出现数字、时间、年代等词语以及首字母大写(包括人名、地点、组织等)的单词时,大家要把它们划出来,要注意文章中的数字、时间、年代、首字母大写的词汇和选项中的数字、时间、年代、首字母大写词汇要保持上下文一致;尤其是数字(包括具体数字以及和数字相关的词汇诸如ratio,rate等等),我们要列出数字,除了和其它数字进行对比和比较之外,还可以用数据来说明一个观点。大家可根据推导数字时间就能够把答案简单选出。
3、“代词和逻辑连词原则”。指示代词,因为是指代前面的内容,所以一般不能作为段落的开头,它是选项和原文实现衔接关系的必备词。代词,主要考察指代关系。线索词包括人称代词,特别是第三人称代词(it,its,he,his,him,she,her,they,their,需要注意的是,it本身可以指代天气、时间并且可以做形式主语,此时,不作为词汇线索)、指示代词(this,that,these,those,注意this和that都可以指代一个句子)以及both、all、each、either、neither等词汇。并列关系、转折、让步、因果关系为考试中出现的最多的逻辑关系。所以大家要对这些上下文关系词保持敏感。也要求大家对选项中的和空前、空后的代词保持极其敏感,它是使全文保持一致的关键。
4、“选项类似排除原则”。如果有两个选项非常的相似,那么肯定有一个是正确答案,有一个是不正确答案,大家的选择范围就缩短了,正确率就随之提高了。
5、“词汇重现原则”。包括简单的重复即原词重复和高雅的重复(elegant repetition)即使用同义词或者上下义词(范畴的扩大或者缩小)等。如果一个选项中的单词与文章中的核心词汇重现比较多或意思相近的词汇比较多,那么这个选项就成为优先选项,往往就是正确答案。
6、“无关选项排除原则”。做7选5填空的时候,如果有文章没有涉及到的话题,建议大家最好使用排除原则,先不要选,放到一边,这样就可以由易到难地去解题。5选5排序题只需要做对四个就可以了,最后一个答案不用做就水到渠成;
7、结构并列和对比对称原则。如选项与原文的句式和结构保持一致,比如出现排比,对称等关系,或多处位置结构都很相近,此选项是优先选项。我们也要注意积累一些比较类词汇:如same,identical,as,equal,such,similar,different,other,otherwise,else等等。要对这些词汇特别熟悉。如2006年考研英语第42题,选项中的such evidence就是做题关键。
8、排序题下下策原则。什么叫下下策,就是这个方法只建议大家在时间不够或自己根本就看不懂文章不知道如何解答的情况下使用,我们蒙也要蒙的科学,蒙的准确率要高。因为排序题是5选5,所以如果五道题目全部选择同一个答案的话,那么你至少可以做对一道,获得2分。当然,以此类推,当考生在5个题目中只有1个或2个或3个确定的情况下,就把剩余的所有题目均选同一个选项,这样至少可以选对一道题。否则极有可能剩余的题目全部猜错,考研的每一分都相当宝贵,不要浪费。当大家遇到前面的题目不会做的情况,建议大家可以先跳过,接着做后面的题目,不用按照题目的顺序答题。
下面有一篇大纲样题,比较典型。大家可以运用上面的注意事项以及讲解的解题方法技巧实战训练一下:
Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 41).Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.
42).Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.
43).There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.
44). Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.
45).About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.
[A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
[B]Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.
[C]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.
[D]The best index fossils tend to be marine creature. There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.
[E] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star- fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.
[F]When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.
[G]Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.
本题答案:41.B 42.F 43.E 44.A 4 5.C
一、新题型的三大备选考试题型
自2005年考研题型改革以来,新题型有三种备选题型,即2005年、2008年两年考过的7选5 题型;2006年考过的5选5排序题和2007年的6选5段落标题选择题。
1)、7选5 题型:实际是一种特殊的完型填空题,把一篇500词左右文章的五个地方挖空,要求考生根据文章内容从给出出的6-7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。这类题文章阅读难度大,一个空填错势必会影响到对另外一个空的选择。
2)、5选5排序题:是将一片500词左右的文章原有顺序打乱,要求考生根据文章内容和结构将所列段落(7-8个)重新排序。其中有2-3个段落在文章中的位置已经给出。排序题的阅读量比阅读理解A节中的文章长一些,并且各段落没有按顺序排列,给阅读造成了很大的障碍
3)、6选5段落标题选择题:是在一篇长度为500词的文章中有6-7段文字或6-7个概括句或小标题,这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括、阐述或举例。要求考生根据文章内容,从这6-7个选项中选出最恰当的5段文字或5个标题填入文章的空白处。这一题型主要考查考生区分论点、论据,把握论点论据一致性的能力。要求考生根据文章内容,从多个选项中找出最能支持相应论点的论据,或者要求考生根据文章的内容,找出最能概括文章内容的论点。
二、了解考研文章的两大结构模式:
1、三段论 :是说明文议论文的共同全文结构模式。虽然表现形式有所差异,但主体板块分为三部分。
A. 说明文的基本模式是:引言(用事例、试验等引出问题),分析(分析原因;实验过程等),结论(建议、解决方案)。说明文阐述事物的原理、起因和可能的后果。
B. 议论文行文规则为:提出论点(常以事例引出),提出论据并论证论点,得出结论。其最终目的是说服读者接受某观点。议论文要用逻辑和论据来影响别人的看法或行动。
在考查过的文章中,无论是说明文还是议论文,都经常是一样的过程:
1)、引出要讨论的问题或现象(常以具体事例引出话题或论点)。
2)、然后展开分析过程或讨论其原因,
3)、最后得出结论、提建议或解决方案。
2、总分法: 是说明文和议论文在段落的拓展模式的共性。多数情况下段落首句是本段主题句。偶尔会有第二句或段尾句,比如说有的文章第一段的段首会先举例子,段尾才引出主题句。段落主旨极少有需自己概括的。了解这一点,要求我们从概率最高的情况出发。先快速扫描首句,看是否有概括性。如果第一句没有,迅速看段尾句。
三、掌握四种考研文章展开类型
1、问题型: 提出问题——分析问题 ——解决问题
2、议论型: 提出论点——列举论据——得出结论
3、立论/驳论型:提出观点——表示赞同——论证观点
提出观点—发表异议—驳斥观点—建立观点—论证观点
4、因果型: 结果/现象——原因/成因
四、把握两大做题关键
1. 把握主题唯一是关键。一个英语段落只能有一个主题。全文要围绕一个主题去展开;每一个段落也只有一个主题。分主题是为全文主题服务的。我们对已往考过的文章,文章或段落的主题常为明确的主题句,大家可以仔细研究分析真题,都可以明确找出。
2. 把握段落、句子前后连贯一致性是关键。 连贯性是指段落与段落之间,段落内的分句与分句之间的衔接和协调一致,上下文用词要连贯,用词会重复出现。文章或段落的论点与论据之间的关系必须清楚、合乎逻辑。这一点对考生的要求最高。
五、快速解题“四步走”
第一步:精读重点,通读全文。尤其是全文首末段,每段首句要精读,迅速得知文章的主旨大意。
第二步:精读选项,做好笔记。用笔记下每个选项的大致中文意思和核心词,做到心中有数,把选项意思与文章很好的融合起来,否则就容易看完之后忘记,导致浪费时间。
第三步:根据线索,原文定位。分析上下文背景,詹前顾后,选出答案。
第四步:全文检查,高分必备。把自己选择的选项带入原文,检测是否文章前后连贯,检测所选的选项是否和文章的主旨大意相吻合。
六、熟知文章逻辑关系
常见文章逻辑关系主要有:并列递进关系、转折关系、因果关系、解释关系、例证关系、定义关系等:下面举四种考的最多的逻辑关系词,希望大家可以背背:
A.并列递进关系:标志词汇有 and, indeed, also, besides, similarly, like, accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover等;
B.转折关系:标志词:but, yet, although, however, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead等;
C.因果关系:标志词汇有 for, because, since, therefore等;
D.解释关系:标志词汇有 that is, that is to say, for example, such as, namely, in other words等;
七、八大必备解题技巧
填空式阅读的五道题目中,一般有两道题考查连贯性,这种题对语言基础要求不高,只要熟悉英语中实现语篇连贯的显性连接标志,就可以迅速定位。排序题也有些做题规律技巧。所以,语言基础薄弱的同学,掌握一些必备的做题技巧,对于考试而言,还是非常关键的。最常见的做题技巧有八种:
1、“亲近原则”。瞻前顾后,在文章空白处的上下文中寻找解题的线索,可根据大家非常熟悉的做完形填空的方法,有些题可以直接根据亲近原则找到答案,非常迅速快捷,准确性也高。
2、“数字时间和首字母大写原则”。出现数字、时间、年代等词语以及首字母大写(包括人名、地点、组织等)的单词时,大家要把它们划出来,要注意文章中的数字、时间、年代、首字母大写的词汇和选项中的数字、时间、年代、首字母大写词汇要保持上下文一致;尤其是数字(包括具体数字以及和数字相关的词汇诸如ratio,rate等等),我们要列出数字,除了和其它数字进行对比和比较之外,还可以用数据来说明一个观点。大家可根据推导数字时间就能够把答案简单选出。
3、“代词和逻辑连词原则”。指示代词,因为是指代前面的内容,所以一般不能作为段落的开头,它是选项和原文实现衔接关系的必备词。代词,主要考察指代关系。线索词包括人称代词,特别是第三人称代词(it,its,he,his,him,she,her,they,their,需要注意的是,it本身可以指代天气、时间并且可以做形式主语,此时,不作为词汇线索)、指示代词(this,that,these,those,注意this和that都可以指代一个句子)以及both、all、each、either、neither等词汇。并列关系、转折、让步、因果关系为考试中出现的最多的逻辑关系。所以大家要对这些上下文关系词保持敏感。也要求大家对选项中的和空前、空后的代词保持极其敏感,它是使全文保持一致的关键。
4、“选项类似排除原则”。如果有两个选项非常的相似,那么肯定有一个是正确答案,有一个是不正确答案,大家的选择范围就缩短了,正确率就随之提高了。
5、“词汇重现原则”。包括简单的重复即原词重复和高雅的重复(elegant repetition)即使用同义词或者上下义词(范畴的扩大或者缩小)等。如果一个选项中的单词与文章中的核心词汇重现比较多或意思相近的词汇比较多,那么这个选项就成为优先选项,往往就是正确答案。
6、“无关选项排除原则”。做7选5填空的时候,如果有文章没有涉及到的话题,建议大家最好使用排除原则,先不要选,放到一边,这样就可以由易到难地去解题。5选5排序题只需要做对四个就可以了,最后一个答案不用做就水到渠成;
7、结构并列和对比对称原则。如选项与原文的句式和结构保持一致,比如出现排比,对称等关系,或多处位置结构都很相近,此选项是优先选项。我们也要注意积累一些比较类词汇:如same,identical,as,equal,such,similar,different,other,otherwise,else等等。要对这些词汇特别熟悉。如2006年考研英语第42题,选项中的such evidence就是做题关键。
8、排序题下下策原则。什么叫下下策,就是这个方法只建议大家在时间不够或自己根本就看不懂文章不知道如何解答的情况下使用,我们蒙也要蒙的科学,蒙的准确率要高。因为排序题是5选5,所以如果五道题目全部选择同一个答案的话,那么你至少可以做对一道,获得2分。当然,以此类推,当考生在5个题目中只有1个或2个或3个确定的情况下,就把剩余的所有题目均选同一个选项,这样至少可以选对一道题。否则极有可能剩余的题目全部猜错,考研的每一分都相当宝贵,不要浪费。当大家遇到前面的题目不会做的情况,建议大家可以先跳过,接着做后面的题目,不用按照题目的顺序答题。
下面有一篇大纲样题,比较典型。大家可以运用上面的注意事项以及讲解的解题方法技巧实战训练一下:
Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 41).Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.
42).Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.
43).There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.
44). Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.
45).About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.
[A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
[B]Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.
[C]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.
[D]The best index fossils tend to be marine creature. There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.
[E] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star- fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.
[F]When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.
[G]Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.
本题答案:41.B 42.F 43.E 44.A 4 5.C